澳洲 marketing Assignment 代写部分

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    COLOR DESIGN IN HEALTHCARE
    ENVIRONMENTS:
    THEORETICAL
    OBSERVATIONS
    Benyamin Schwarz and Ruth Brent Tofle
    University of Missouri, MO
    Introduction
    澳洲 marketing Assignment 代写
    The growing demand for research-based knowledge for the
    application of color in healthcare design prompted the
    Coalition for Health Environments Research (CHER) to
    initiate this project. CHER has rightly observed that the
    evidence-based knowledge for making informed decisions
    regarding color application was not readily available. While
    healthcare providers and practitioners in the field have
    searched for empirical reasoning for color guidelines,
    healthcare designers continue to make decisions concerning
    color with unsubstantiated knowledge. This paper is the
    result of this funded initiative.
    The main purpose of this study has been to review the
    existing research literature on the relationship between
    people and color in the environment with special emphasis
    on the design of healthcare environments. (The complete
    report of this study was published by CHER (Brent Tofle,
    et al. 2004).
    The knowledge base has been fragmented, sporadic,
    conflicting, anecdotal, and loosely tested. Thus this study
    has been an attempt to separate common myths and realities
    in color studies. From the onset of this project we made an
    attempt to answer two fundamental questions:
    1.
    What is empirically known about human responses to
    color and how, if at all, color influences human
    perception or behavior in a specific setting?
    2.
    Which color design guidelines for healthcare
    environments, if any, have been supported by scientific
    research findings?
    Methods
    Utilizing online searches of existing bibliographies and
    databases in multiple disciplines, systematic research was
    conducted. In addition, resources from color industries that
    were made available to the public were examined to the
    extent possible.
    Over 3000 titles were scanned for information on color
    theory, research, and resources for the healthcare industry.
    Databases such as PsychINFO, Avery Index, WorldCat,
    HealthSource, HealthSTAR, as well as Internet search
    engines including LookSmart, MSN, Google, and Yahoo,
    were searched for references on the topic. Available copies
    of the literature were reviewed, seeking to evaluate the
    information for empirically based evidence of the service
    of color to the health field. Unfortunately, citations in
    languages other than English were excluded.
    Following the compilation of the bibliographic list, a first
    draft of the report was submitted to an expert panel of leading
    designers in healthcare design and primary scholars in the
    field of color and health environment research. The
    monograph was revised based upon the expert panel
    members’ comments and recommendations.
    Color and Healthcare: A Summary of the Findings
    While the research literature of studies about color use in
    healthcare environments is fragmented and inconclusive,
    there is considerable agreement among designers, providers
    of care and other practitioners that healthcare environments
    should be friendly, therapeutic, and promote healing to the
    greatest extent possible. Advocates of evidence-based
    decisions in the design process of healthcare facilities agree
    that designers need to consider the functional and perceptual
    needs of several user groups—the patients, caregivers,
    visitors, and the community at large (Ruga, 1997).
    However, in many of the reported studies the sample sizes
    were limited, and almost no studies have been replicated to
    澳洲 marketing Assignment 代写
    validate findings. Furthermore, because of lack of valid
    research, findings regarding physiological and psychological
    effects of color have been repeatedly taken out of their
    laboratory context and applied indiscriminately to various
    healthcare environments.
    What did we learn from the literature review, and what are
    implications of this knowledge on colors in the healthcare
    environment? The following is the summary of the findings.
    ·
    There are no direct linkages between particular colors
    and health outcomes of people. The literature search
    could not elicit sufficient evidence to the causal
    relationship between settings painted in particular colors
    and patients’ healthcare outcomes.
    ·
    No evidence for a direct connection among colors in
    the environment and emotional states could be found
    in the literature. Specifying particular colors for
    healthcare environments in order to influence emotional
    states, mental or behavioral activities, is simply an
    unproductive practice. It is not enough to claim what
    color can do for people; it is important to distinguish
    between the explicitly stated aim of such assertions and
    their latent function. Spaces do not become “active”,
    “relaxing”, or “contemplative” only because of their
    specified color.
    ·
    At the same time, there are demonstrable perceptual
    impressions of color applications that can affect the
    experience and performance of people in particular