Quantitative Methods Economics, Business and Finance代写

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  • Quantitative Methods Economics, Business and Finance代写

     
    ECON131
    Quantitative Methods in
    Economics, Business and Finance
    Session 2, 2017
    Assignment (v1)
    Due: November 17th, 2017, 11 am
    2
    PLEASE READ THIS DOCUMENT CAREFULLY
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    receive a mark of zero.

    Quantitative Methods Economics, Business and Finance代写
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      Please attach two blank pages to the end of your assignment.
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    Marks: The maximum mark for this assignment is 85.
    The assignment consists of four sections, A (25 marks), B (25 marks), C (15 marks) and D
    (10 marks).
    A further 10 marks will be awarded for the quality of the presentation of the
    assignment.
    Due date: On or before 11 am November 17th, 2017. Submissions made after this time will receive
    a mark of zero. Extensions of time over this due date will be granted ONLY in cases of
    serious illness or other exceptional circumstances. In such cases, a formal disruption to
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    BESS for advice on this procedure.
    Plagiarism: Each assignment must represent the student's own work. In particular, this means that
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    avoid it, please refer to the unit outline.
    3
    Section A: Wind Power Generation (25 marks)
    Wind power generation capacity has been growing worldwide since the early 1990s. Table 1 shows the
    installed wind generation capacity (measured in megawatts, MW) in the top 10 countries, as at the end
    of 2011.
    Country  MW
    China  62,364
    United States  46,919
    Germany  29,060
    Spain  21,674
    India  16,084
    France  6,800
    Italy  6,737
    UK  6,540
    Canada  5,265
    Portugal  4,083
    Rest of the world  32,143
    Total  237,669
    Table 1 Installed wind power generation capacity, end-
    2011 (IRENA, 2012).
    Figure 1 Global wind power additions (GW) by calendar year
    (IRENA, 2012).
    1. At the end of 2011, what percentage of the world’s installed wind generation capacity was in
    China? (1 mark)
    2. Consider table 1. If you assume that other countries’ capacity doesn’t grow from the 2011
    figures, what amount would China have to expand its capacity in order to have 40% of the
    world’s capacity? (3 marks)
    3. World installed wind generation capacity increased by 41 GW in 2011, and by 39 GW in 2010. By
    what percentage did world wind power generation increase during 2010? (3 marks)
    4. By what percentage did world wind power generation increase, between the end of 2009 and
    the end of 2011? (3 marks)
    5. Suppose the annual rate of increase in (3) continues each year, from the end of 2011. By what
    percentage will world wind power generation have increased by the end of 2020? (3 marks)
    6. Under the same assumptions as (5), how long will it take for world wind power capacity to
    double? (3 marks)
    4
    7. Write a general expression for the number of years it would take for world wind power capacity
    to increase m times over, if it grows at the rate given in (3). (3 marks)
    8. In reality, what has happened to worldwide wind power generation capacity since the end of
    2011? Is this in line with your expectations of growth based on your answer to (5)? Explain why
    this may or may not be the case. Provide evidence from your own research to support your
    answer. (6 marks)
    Section B: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (25 marks)
    In this section, we consider some issues with measuring “well-being” and “sustainability.” For a much
    more detailed discussion of these topics, see the report by Stiglitz, Sen, and Fitoussi (2009).
    A central focus of sustainability is the measurement of human “well-being,” so that economic policies
    can be designed and evaluated against the rubric of maximizing the welfare of the people affected.
    A popular way to measure people’s well-being is by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the final
    value of all goods and services in the economy. GDP includes everything produced by the economy,
    including investment and goods and services not consumed by individuals.
    The following model for consumption is proposed:
    C = aY + b  (1)
    where C is consumption, a is the marginal propensity to consume, b is autonomous consumption, and Y
    is GDP.
    1. In what sense is equation 1 a model of human well-being? (3 marks)
    2. Suppose a country was comprised of two regions, A and B. The GDP of each region is given by Y A
    and Y B , respectively. Assuming equation 1 holds, write down an expression for the whole
    country’s GDP and its level of consumption. (2 marks)
    3. Re-write this equation as a formula for the level of GDP in region B (denoted Y B ), as a function
    Y B (C,Y A ) of total consumption (C) and GDP in region A (Y A ). (3 marks)
    4. Treating GDP in region A as a fixed number, sketch this function with GDP in region B on the
    vertical axis and consumption on the horizontal axis. (3 marks)
    5. What is the slope of the function? Is GDP in region B associated with a higher, or lower, level of
    well-being? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
    6. Suppose region A was very rich, and region B was very poor. Does GDP, as a measurement of
    well-being, capture this inequality? (3 marks)
    5
    7. A loaf of bread costs about $6. A ticket to the opera costs about $150. How much does each one
    contribute to GDP? Do you think this adequately reflects its contribution to human well-being?
    (4 marks)
    8. Suppose two identical countries possess identical, extensive forests. Country 1 decides to
    capitalize on this asset, by harvesting and selling the timber as paper pulp and building materials
    within a year, earning $100 million in the process. Country 2 decides to protect its forests, and
    doesn’t harvest. According to the GDP measure of human wealth, which country is better off?
    Do you agree? Explain why or why not? (4 marks)
    Section C: Ecological Footprint (15 marks)
    The Ecological footprint (EF) measures how much of the regenerative capacity of the biosphere is used
    up by human activities. It is the sum of productive land and water area required to support the
    population and provide the resources it consumes, absorb its waste and provide infrastructure (Stiglitz
    et al., 2009, p. 244).
    Figure 2: Humanity’s ecological footprint by component 1961-2005
    1. According to the EF, is the human population living at, beyond or below the Earth’s natural
    biocapacity? For how long has this been the case? Is this sustainable? (1 mark)
    2. If you assume that the total land use can be approximated by a linear function, what is the
    approximate slope of the total land use of the EF? What are the units of measurement in this
    function? Give the equation of, and sketch this line, with EF on the vertical axis and year on the
    horizontal axis. (3 marks)
    6
    3. If this trend of total land use continues, what will land use be in 2050? (3 marks)
    4. Which is the largest component of land use according to the EF? At what rate is it growing? (3
    marks)
    5. Use the data presented in figure 2, along with your answers to this section, to suggest a policy to
    make land use sustainable. (5 marks)
    Section D:  LED  Lighting (10 marks)
    The City of Sydney is an area covering over 26km 2 , and is one of Australia’s most important social and
    economic centres. As part of Sydney 2030, a study into the city’s long-term sustainability, the city
    council committed to reducing its carbon footprint 70% over the next 20 years.
    A study found that around 31% of the city’s carbon emissions arise from public lighting. So, in 2011, the
    City of Sydney announced a project to replace its lighting systems with energy efficient LED lights. It
    would choose lighting systems based on both their economic and environmental value. After a
    consultation period, the City chose a supplier in late 2011 to replace 6,448 luminaries (lights).
    Before the project, suppose that the 6,448 luminaries slated for replacement consumed 5,252,613 kWh
    of electricity annually. In 2010/11, the annual lighting bill was $654,476. Suppose that the new LED lights
    will consume considerably less power, just 2,595,743 kWh per year.
    1. Bulk, unmetered power is billed on a “per KWh” basis, with no additional costs. What will the
    annual electricity bill be when all the lights are installed? (Assume the price of electricity is
    constant.) What are the private savings for the City of Sydney in the first year? (In other words,
    how much less will the city pay?) (2 marks)
    2. The City of Sydney calculates carbon emissions on the assumption that each kWh of electricity
    causes 1.07kg of CO 2 emissions. On this assumption, how many tonnes of CO 2 emissions per
    year will the project prevent? The City of Sydney assumes a social cost of $17 per tonne of CO 2 .
    Using your own research briefly explain what is meant by the term “social cost” in this situation
    and calculate the social savings of this project, in the first year? (4 marks)
    3. Suppose the City of Sydney decides to award the contract if, after including CO 2 savings in
    revenue, the project breaks even at the end of the 12 th year. What is the highest price the City
    should accept for this project? Ignore inflation, and assume a social discount rate of 5%. (4
    marks)
    END OF ASSIGNMENT
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    Quantitative Methods Economics, Business and Finance代写